Health
informatics (also called Health Information Systems, healthcare informatics, medical informatics,nursing informatics, clinical informatics, or biomedical informatics) is a discipline at the intersection of information science, computer science, and health care. It deals with the resources, devices, and methods required to optimize the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of information in health and biomedicine. Health informatics tools include not only computers but also clinical guidelines, formal medical terminologies, and information and communication systems. It is applied to the areas of nursing, clinical care, dentistry, pharmacy, public health,occupational therapy, and (bio) medical research.
Since the 1970s the most prominent international coordinating body has been the International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA).
Nursing Informatics in Asia
Asia Pacific is a diverse region in terms of geography, socio-economy, culture and politics. These factors paved way for the challenge of developing the nursing informatics, health informatics in general. The development of health informatics is wide-ranging, highly correlated with socio-economic factors and dependence on government and industry’s commitment in this branch.
In
Asia and Australia-New Zealand, the regional group called the Asia Pacific Association for Medical Informatics(APAMI)was established in 1994 and now consists of more than 15 member regions in the Asia Pacific Region.
CHINA
The
main review and assessment of health informatics in China for the WHO-Health Metrics Network was conducted in 2006 which details Provincial assessments, developing strategic plan outline, improving community health monitoring system, household surveys, routine health statistics system.
China's
current healthcare system is primarily composed of large public hospitals,
supplemented by a small number of private, for-profit hospitals.
Health
Information Technology is now entering its second software generation in China, and IT usage in hospitals resembles that of the late 1970s in the United States. Most hospitals in China incorporate IT software into their payment and billing systems, and many have also begun integrating IT into clinical systems in the past five years.
The use of IT in clinical systems has emerged on a departmental basis. As a result of inexperience with IT infrasstructure, however, hospitals have encountered several obstacles. Fragmentation, duplicative systems, and poor integration between diverse software systems have created "information islands" that impede data sharing.
HONGKONG
In Hong Kong, a computerized patient record system called the Clinical Management System (CMS) has been developed by the Hospital authority since 1994. This system has been deployed at all the sites of
the Authority (40 hospitals and 120 clinics), and is used by all 30,000 clinical staff on a daily basis, with a daily transaction of up to 2 million. The comprehensive records of 7 million patients are available on-line in the Electronic Patient Record (ePR), with data integrated from all sites. Since 2004 radiology image viewing has been added to the ePR, with radiography images from any HA site being available as part of the ePR.
The Hong Kong Society of Medical Informatics(HKSMI) was established in 1987 to promote the use of information technology in healthcare. The eHealth Consortium has been formed to bring together clinicians from both the private and public sectors, medical
informatics professionals and the IT industry to further promote IT in healthcare in Hong Kong
JAPAN
Japan is the leader of telemedicine projects in Asia Pacific. They has the National Cancer Center of Japan which has network of 14 Cancer Centers throughout the country and 130 teleconferences per year with 16,000 participants.
MALAYSIA
Malaysia had a Telemedicine Flagship Project. This project will ensure that all Malaysian citizen will be able to enjoy high quality of healthcare and it also support Malaysia to become one of the global hub for telemedicine. This application will be
implemented over 5 year period and it will provide the most ideal environment due to its technology infrastructure. The telemedicine project, which started in October 2000 aims to develop four key projects with the aim of providing
equitable, accessible and high quality healthcare services. The projects are :
1. Mass Customised Personalised Health Information and
Education (MSPHIE) – This will provide information and education about health
content in regard to mass and specific community by using the internet,
multimedia technologies and mass communications.
2. Continuing Medical Education - It is an infrastructural
project in order to build human resources. Besides providing information, it
also will enhance the capability of healthcare providers. It will maintain,
develop and increase the skills and quality provided by the healthcare toward
their patients.
3. Teleconsultation - to connect healthcare providers in a
multipoint place in order to share opinions.
4. Lifetime Health Plan - It will integrate the information
in the lifetime health record to develop personalized lifetime health plans for
each individual.
TAIWAN
In Taiwan's medical system, the Healthcare IC Card is used as form of secure data storage. It uses Java card technology. As of September
2003, 95% of the population are issued with smart cards. These smart cards are accepted in 70% hospitals and clinics in Taiwan. The only dilemma to be faced in handling the health card is identity fraud and false claims.
SINGAPORE
Singapore showcases its “Singapore iN2015 – 10 year Master Plan”. It is not just for economic purposes but also has its goals for
healthcare and biomedical sciences: personal health records to give public greater ability to manage their health, information systems to support well-integrated quality healthcare, clinical decision support systems to
provide clinical practice information, and conducive regulatory framework to facilitate data collection and sharing for biomedical and health services research.
Nursing Informatics in Canada
Health Informatics projects in Canada are implemented provincially, with different provinces creating different systems. A national, federally-funded, not-for-profit organization called Canada Health Infoway was created in 2001 to foster the development and adoption of electronic health records across Canada. As of December 31, 2008 there were 276 EHR projects under way in Canadian hospitals, other health-care facilities, pharmacies and laboratories, with an investment value of $1.5-billion from Canada Health Infoway.
Provincial
and territorial programmes include the following:
- § eHealth Ontario was created as an Ontario provincial government agency in September 2008. It has been plagued by delays and its CEO was fired over a multimillion-dollar contracts scandal in 2009.
- § Alberta Netcare was created in 2003 by the Government of Alberta. Today the netCARE portal is used daily by thousands of clinicians. It provides access to demographic data, prescribed/dispensed drugs, known allergies/intolerances, immunizations, laboratory test results, diagnostic imaging reports, the diabetes registry and other medical reports. netCARE interface capabilities are being included in electronic medical record products which are being funded by the provincial government.
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